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Cooling towers reject excess heat through evaporative water cooling — a principle used in industry for over 100 years. The review covers construction and operating cycle, four main types by air delivery method, key parameters (approximately 1% evaporation per 7 °C of cooling), and Legionella protection measures, including mandatory drain eliminator replacement per UNE 100030/2017.
The effect of relative humidity on cooling equipment varies fundamentally between evaporative and conventional air-cooled systems. For evaporative coolers, dry air maximizes performance, while conventional condensers are rated primarily on dry-bulb temperature and airflow. Engineers should apply manufacturer-specified rating conditions and correction methods rather than assume a universal humidity effect.
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